This paper reports a new method of direct recovery of highly pure lead oxide (PbO) from waste lead pastes and lead grids of spent lead–acid batteries via catalytic conversion, desulfurization, and recrystallization processes in sequence.
Lead paste was firstly desulfurized with sodium carbonate, in the meanwhile lead sulfate was converted into lead carbonate and the form of lead metal and lead oxides remained unchanged, and then the desulfurized lead paste was reduced by charcoal under vacuum.
In the hydrometallurgical recycling process for lead–acid batteries, there are three desulphurization processes of lead pastes with oxalate, carbonate, and alkaline solutions. The desulphurized lead products (i.e., lead oxalate, lead hydroxide, and lead carbonate) are then smelted to produce lead ingots.
Conclusions The desulphurization of lead pastes is the key process in recycling of lead–acid batteries. In this study, the thermodynamic constraints for three hydrometallurgical routes of desulphurization of lead pastes are presented.
In the desulphurization processes of lead pastes, the transformation or reduction of lead dioxide (plattnerite and scrutiny) is a problem. In the current practice, reductants are needed in reduction of lead dioxide. The reductants that have been used in hydrometallurgical routes include lead sulfide [ 3] and glucose [ 35 ].
There are four main components in spent lead acid battery: polymeric containers, lead alloy grids, waste acids and pastes. Among them, the pastes mainly comprise lead oxide (∼9%), lead dioxide (∼28%), lead sulfate (∼60%) and a small amount of lead (∼3%) (Zhu et al., 2012a).
Conclusions A research investigation for recycling lead from lead paste in the spent lead acid battery under vacuum has been developed in this work.
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